If not spay / neuter, then what? Vaccinate

60)  Reece, JF et al.  Fecundity and longevity of roaming dogs in Jaipur, India.  BMC Veterinary Research volume 4, Article number: 6 (2008).  https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-6

61)  Massei, G. and LA Miller.  Nonsurgical fertility control for managing free-roaming dog populations: a review of products and criteria for field applications.  Theriogenology. 2013 Nov;80(8):829-38.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23998740/

67)  Krystosik, A. et al.  Solid Wastes Provide Breeding Sites, Burrows, and Food for Biological Disease Vectors, and Urban Zoonotic Reservoirs: A Call to Action for Solutions-Based Research.  Front Public Health Jan 17, 2020.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32010659/

68)  Aggressive dogs, attacks a growing concern on Navajo Nation.  Navajo-Hopi Observer July 13, 2021.  https://www.nhonews.com/news/2021/jul/13/aggressive-dogs-attacks-growing-concern-navajo-nat/#:~:text=Navajo%20Nation%20has%E2%80%A6an%20estimated%20250%2C000%20free%2Dranging%20dogs.%E2%80%9D

69)  https://www.azdhs.gov/documents/preparedness/epidemiology-disease-control/rabies/dog-table.pdf

70)  https://www.who.int/news/item/03-05-2021-oral-rabies-vaccine-a-new-strategy-in-the-fight-against-rabies-deaths

71)  Coleman, P.G. and C Dye, C.  Immunization coverage required to prevent outbreaks of dog rabies.  Vaccine. 1996 Feb;14(3):185-6.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8920697

72)  Brock, Anita.  Rocky Mountain spotted fever and the san carlos apache tribe: The results of the rodeo project.  141st APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition 2013.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266814414_Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever_and_the_san_carlos_apache_tribe_The_results_of_the_rodeo_project

73)  https://www.azdhs.gov/documents/prevention/health-systems-development/data-reports-maps/primary-care/gila/25.pdf

74)  Putra, AAG et al.  Response to a Rabies Epidemic, Bali, Indonesia, 2008–2011.  Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Apr; 19(4): 648–651.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647408/

75)  Morters, MK et al.  Evidence-based control of canine rabies: a critical review of population density reduction.  J Anim Ecol. 2013 Jan;82(1):6-14.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23004351/

76)  Andrukonis, A. et al.   Intake Vaccinations Reduced Signs of Canine Respiratory Disease During an Outbreak at an Animal Shelter.  Front. Vet. Sci., 01 February 2021.  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2021.627580/full

77)  Decaro, N. et al.  Canine parvovirus vaccination and immunisation failures: Are we far from disease eradication?  Vet Microbiol. 2020 Aug; 247: 108760.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7295477/

78) Wimsatt, J. et al.  Evaluation of oral and subcutaneous delivery of an experimental canarypox recombinant canine distemper vaccine in the Siberian polecat (Mustela eversmanni).  J Zoo Wildl Med. 2003 Mar;34(1):25-35.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12723797/.

79)  Connolly, M. et al.  Comparison of oral and intramuscular recombinant canine distemper vaccination in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus).J Zoo Wildl Med. 2013 Dec;44(4):882-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24450046/

80)  https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/baker-institute/our-research/canine-parvovirus

81)  Cavalli, A. et al.  Oral administration of modified live canine parvovirus type 2b induces systemic immune response.  Vaccine. 2020 Jan 10;38(2):115-118.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31628031/