TNR programs: A lose-lose-lose scenario

11)  BBB Wise Giving Alliance https://give.org/charity-reviews/national/Animal-Protection/Best-Friends-Animal-Society-in-Kanab-ut-52209

14)  University of Florida  https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu/about-us/

33)  https://resources.bestfriends.org/article/fact-vs-fiction-what-every-veterinary-professional-should-know-about-free-roaming-cats

34)  Hostetler, M. et al.  How Effective and Humane is Trap-Neuter-Release (TNR) for Feral Cats?  University of Florida IFAS Extension.  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/UW468

35)  trapneuterreturn.pdf (sheltervet.org);  https://www.sheltervet.org/assets/docs/position-statements/trapneuterreturn.pdf

36)  Levy, J. K. et al.  Effect of high-impact targeted trap-neuter-return and adoption of community cats on intake to a shelter. The Veterinary Journal, 2014, 201 (3), 269-274. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023314001841

37)  Boone, J.D. et al.  Improving and Evaluating Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) Management for Outdoor Cats on the Human Landscape.  Proc. 26th Vertebr. Pest Conf. (R. M. Timm and J. M. O’Brien, Eds.).  Published at Univ. of Calif., Davis. 2014. Pp. 229-234. https://escholarship.org/content/qt6z98577x/qt6z98577x_noSplash_78df8ad1241ffa14a988693aa7f684a2.pdf?t=pj62tz

38)  Levy, J. K., & Crawford, C. P.. Humane strategies for controlling feral cat populations.  Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2004, 225 (9), 1354-1360. https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/225/9/javma.2004.225.1354.xml

39)  Cortez-Aguirre, G.R. et al.  Stray Dog Population in a City of Southern Mexico and Its Impact on the Contamination of Public Areas.  Veterinary Medicine International, vol. 2018, Article ID 2381583, 6 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2381583.

40)  University of Florida News.  https://news.ufl.edu/2019/08/does-sterilizing-stray-cats-work/

41)  Levy, J.K. et al.  Evaluation of the effect of a long-term trap-neuter-return and adoption program on a free-roaming cat population.  JAVMA 2003.  Volume 222: Issue 1.  https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2003.222.42

42)  Spehar, D.D. and P. J. Wolf.  The Impact of Targeted Trap–Neuter–Return Efforts in the San Francisco Bay Area.  Animals (Basel). 2020 Nov; 10(11): 2089.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7698188/

43)  Natoli, E. et al.  Management of feral domestic cats in the urban environment of Rome (Italy).  Prev Vet Med. 2006 Dec 18;77(3-4):180-5. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.06.005. Epub 2006 Oct 10.  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17034887/

44)  https://www.alleycat.org/resources/trap-neuter-return-research-compendium/

45)  Foley, P.F. et al.  Analysis of the impact of trap-neuter-return programs on populations of feral cats.  JAVMA 2005;227:1775–1781.  https://abcbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Foley-et-al.-2005-Impacts-of-TNR-programs-on-populations-of-feral-cats1.pdf

46)  Belo, V.S. et al. Abundance, survival, recruitment and effectiveness of sterilization of free-roaming dogs: A capture and recapture study in Brazil.  PLOS ONE Nov. 2017.  https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ca34/aa6bfcb2aff48d95ea97b81cc45fd41a921e.pdf?_ga=2.8554933.1047598697.1675020379-651846971.1675020379

47)  Castillo, D. and AL Clarke.  Trap/neuter/release methods ineffective in controlling domestic cat "colonies" on public lands.  July 2003 Natural Areas Journal.  23(3):247-253http://abcbirds.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Castillo-and-Clarke-2003-TNR-ineffective-in-controlling-cat-colonies1.pdf

48)  Wolf, P.J. et al.  Cats Are Not Fish: A Ricker Model Fails to Account for Key Aspects of Trap–Neuter–Return Programs.  Animals (Basel). 2021 Jul; 11(7): 1928.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8300256/

49)  Schmidt, P.M. et al.  Evaluation of euthanasia and trap–neuter–return (TNR) programs in managing free-roaming cat populations.  Wildlife Research 36(2) 117-125 https://doi.org/10.1071/WR08018

50)  McCarthy, R.J. et al.  Estimation of effectiveness of three methods of feral cat population control by use of a simulation model.  JAVMA 2013, Vol. 243. https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/243/4/javma.243.4.502.xml

51)  Andersen, M.CV. et al.  Use of matrix population models to estimate the efficacy of euthanasia versus trap-neuter-return for management of free-roaming cats.  JAVMA 2004. Vo. 225.  https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/225/12/javma.2004.225.1871.xml

52)  Boone, J.D. et al.  A Long-Term Lens: Cumulative Impacts of Free-Roaming Cat Management Strategy and Intensity on Preventable Cat Mortalities.  Front. Vet. Sci., 26 July 2019.  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2019.00238/full